环境外交
作者：朱素梅 时间：2005年04月24日
Nonstate Actors
1. territorial nonstate actors, such as national
liberation movements;
2. nonterritorial transnational organizations,
such as multinational corporations;
3. intergovernmental organizations, such as
NATO or the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
In what ways do nonstate actors affect international politics?
1.introduce an issue onto the international diplomatic agenda;
2.publicize and raise citizen consciousness regarding certain global or regional problems;
3.lobby national governments and international organizations to make decisions favorable to their cause;
4.seek an outcome through direct action, sometimes (though relatively rarely) involving the threat or use of force.
Are nonstate actors in a position to replace the
power of the state?
No, the state still remains the critical actor of
international politics, because
1.only it commands the allegiance of peoples
occupying a defined territory;
2.only it possesses the capabilities to employ the
ultimate threat (war);
3.governments, unlike most transnational
organizations,are concerned with the full range of
welfare and security issues of a population;
4. only governments enjoy sovereignty.
Topic 5 环境外交
1．何谓环境外交？
2．谁是环境外交的参与者？其作用如何？
3. 跨国公司能否成为环境外交的积极参与者？
Topic 6 国家恐怖主义
1. 一国将恐怖主义作为对外政策工具的主要政治经济考量是什么？
环境外交(Enviromental diplomacy)
定义：以主权国家为主体，通过正式代表国家的机构和人员的官方行为，运用谈判、交涉等外交方式，处理和调整环境领域国际关系的一切活动。，其主要内容包括：寻求加强国际环境合作的方式；国际环境立法谈判；国际环境条约的履行；处理环境纠纷和冲突等。环境外交的另一层含义是，利用环境保护问题实现特定的政治目的或其他战略意图。
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
( UNFCCC) （联合国气候变化框架公约）
Agreed to in 1992, which set out a framework for actions to control greenhouse gas emissions.
Entered into force in 1994, since then, six meetings of the conference of the Parties have taken place.
Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997, which commits industrialized countries to achieve targets for decreasing their emission of greenhouse gas
Kyoto Protocol will enter into force following ratifications by 55 countries to the FCCC, which account for at least 55% of total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990.
According to Kyoto Protocol, three mechanisms are established. They are: joint implementation
(JI); clean development mechanism (CDM); emission trading (ET).
Environmental Diplomacy of Multinational Corporations
1. corporations and the UN
Corporate interest in UN environmental activities has begun during the UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio in 1992.
ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) and the WBCSD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) are active in environmental issues, attend UN plenary sessions and ad hoc meetings. WBCSD has worked jointly with the World Bank, WTO, and several UN agencies.
Both ICC and WBCSD have observer status at the Conference of the Parties to the FCCC
2. Corporations and NGOS
There are extensive cooperation between business and NGOs, e.g: Shell’s cooperation with World Wide Fund for Nature; Johnson & Johnson’s support for the World Wide Fund for Nature in China on a comprehensive assessment of the trade in rhino and tiger parts, generating data to support the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
NOKIA and Environment
(
www.nokia.com/aboutnikia/environmental/)
Environmental considerations are integrated into every area of company life and at every phase of our products’ life cycle. We believe in eco-efficiency and sustainability—to respect nature and the needs of future generations.
Taking care of the environment is part of Nokia’s corporate culture. It means eliminating risks, also enables us to gain stakeholder acceptance as well as to achieve financial benefits and broader business opportunities.
Nokia has four environmental key programes
.Design for Environment
.Supplier Network Management
.Environmental Management Systems
.End-of-life Practices
