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清华大学1998年研究生入学考试:物理化学试题

清华大学1998年研究生入学考试:物理化学试题

<P >清华大学<FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT>硕士入学生化试题</P>
<P >一.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>写出下列化合物的结构式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⒈<FONT face="Times New Roman">D-</FONT>甘露糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">(D-Mannose)  </FONT>⒉鞘氨醇<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Sphingosine)  </FONT>⒊胆甾醇<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Cholcsterol) </FONT></P>
<P >⒋谷胱甘肽(还原型)<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Glutathione)  </FONT>⒌丹磺酰氯<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Danayl chloride)  </FONT>⒍精氨琥珀酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Argininesuccinate) </FONT></P>
<P >⒎泛酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Pantothenic acid)  </FONT>⒏异柠檬酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Iaocitrate)  </FONT>⒐核糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">-5-</FONT>磷酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Ribose-5-phosphate) </FONT></P>
<P >⒑<FONT face="Times New Roman">S-</FONT>腺苷蛋氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(S-Adenosylnethionine)</FONT></P>
<P >二.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>名词解释(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⒈差向异构体<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Epinera)  </FONT>⒉超二级结构<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Super-secondary structure)  </FONT>⒊分子伴侣<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Molecular chaperone) </FONT></P>
<P >⒋中心法则<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Central dogma)  </FONT>⒌蛋白质折叠<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Protein folding)  </FONT>⒍△<FONT face="Times New Roman">G</FONT>°′⒎氧化磷酸化<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Oxidative</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">phosphoryiation)  </FONT>⒏半保留复制<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Semiconservation replication)  </FONT>⒐冈崎片段<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Okzaki fragment) </FONT></P>
<P >⒑酮体<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Ketone body)</FONT></P>
<P >三.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>写出下列酶催化反应方程式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⒈丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex)  </FONT>⒉琥珀酰<FONT face="Times New Roman">CoA</FONT>合成酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Succinyl-CoA synthetase) </FONT></P>
<P >⒊<FONT face="Times New Roman">3-</FONT>磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)  </FONT>⒋磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Phosphoenolpyruvate</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">carboxykinase)  </FONT>⒌葡萄糖激酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Glucose kinase)  </FONT>⒍果糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">6-</FONT>二磷酸酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Fructose1,6-diphosphatase) </FONT></P>
<P >⒎精氨酸酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Arginase)  </FONT>⒏苯丙氨酸单加氧酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Phenylalanine monooxygenase)  </FONT>⒐异柠檬酸脱氢酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Isocitrate</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">dehydrogenase)  </FONT>⒑丙酮酸羧化酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Pyruvate carboxylase)</FONT></P>
<P >四.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>判断下列各题是非,若是请在括号内标上“<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>”,若非请标上“-”(<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒈α<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>螺旋中的每一个肽键的酰氨氢都参与了氢键的形成。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒉如果来自物种<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>,其<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tm</FONT>值比物种<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tm</FONT>高,那麽物种<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">A=T</FONT>碱基对的含量比物种<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>高。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>⒊如果<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>双螺旋结构中一条链中的一小段脱氧核苷酸的序列是<FONT face="Times New Roman">pCpTpGpGpGpC</FONT>,那麽与之互补另一条链对应片段的序列应为<FONT face="Times New Roman">pGpApCpCpTpG</FONT>。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒋动物细胞中糖合成的前体可以是丙酮酸,乙酰辅酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>或任何一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">TCA</FONT>循环中的中间物。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒌下列糖物质都是还原糖:<FONT face="Times New Roman">D-</FONT>果糖,乳糖,<FONT face="Times New Roman">D-</FONT>葡萄糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">-6-</FONT>磷酸,<FONT face="Times New Roman">D-</FONT>核酮糖,麦芽糖,β<FONT face="Times New Roman">-D-</FONT>甲基半乳糖苷。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒍药物利福平是通过阻断<FONT face="Times New Roman">RNA</FONT>聚合酶与启动子部位的结合来阻断<FONT face="Times New Roman">mRNA</FONT>的合成起始。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒎如果加入足够量的底物,即使在非竞争性抑制剂存在下,酶促反应正常的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Vmax</FONT>值也能达到。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒏<FONT face="Times New Roman">TCA</FONT>循环本身可产生<FONT face="Times New Roman">NADH</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">H+</FONT>),<FONT face="Times New Roman">FADH2</FONT>,但不能直接生成高能磷酸化合物。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒐疏水蛋白质的折叠伴随着多肽链的熵增加。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒑<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>碱基序列的快速测定法(加减法)首先是由英国科学家<FONT face="Times New Roman">Sanger</FONT>提出的。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒒<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ala</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Thr</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Gly</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ser</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">Val</FONT>五种氨基酸脱氨后的碳骨架都是经<FONT face="Times New Roman">Pyruvate</FONT>→<FONT face="Times New Roman">Acetyl-CoA</FONT>进入三羧酸循环。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒓糖原磷酸化酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT>是具有别构效应的酶,<FONT face="Times New Roman">AMP</FONT>是其正效应物。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>⒔乳糖操纵子学说认为,调节基因表达的阻遏蛋白是无活性的,只有在诱导物乳糖存在下与乳糖结合形成有活性诱导物<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>阻遏蛋白复合物,这个复合物与操纵子结合,从而启动结构基因的表达。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒕α<FONT face="Times New Roman">-D-</FONT>葡萄糖和β<FONT face="Times New Roman">-D-</FONT>葡萄糖是两个互为对应体的同分异构体。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒖完全放射性标记的<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>,在不含放射性标记的体系中进行两轮的复制产生的<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>有半数被标记。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒗催化柠檬酸转化为异柠檬酸的顺乌头酸酶能够识别前手性分子柠檬酸中的“上半部分”和“下半部分”。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>⒘天门冬氨酸转氨甲酰基酶是一个典型的别构酶,同时又是典型的共价调节酶,它受<FONT face="Times New Roman">CTP</FONT>的强烈抑制,同时又受磷酸化和去磷酸化的共价调节。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">( )</FONT>⒙胶原蛋白的三螺旋结构是一种左手超螺旋结构。其中每一股螺旋又是一种特殊的右手螺旋结构。</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>⒚脲和盐酸胍使蛋白质变性的主要原因是增加非极性侧链在水中的溶解度,因而降低了维持蛋白质三极结构的疏水相互作用</P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>⒛镰刀状红细胞血红蛋白的β链<FONT face="Times New Roman">N-</FONT>端第六位氨基酸残基为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Glu</FONT>,它代替了正常细胞中的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Val</FONT>。(以上各题每空一分)</P>
<P >五.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>选择性填空(<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>分)</P>
<P >单选题(每题<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>分)</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒈下列哪种氨基酸溶液不使平面偏振光发生偏转<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)Pro  (b)Gly  (c)Leu  (d)Lys</FONT></P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒉对哺乳动物来说,下列哪种氨基酸是非必须氨基酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)Phe  (b)Lys  (c)Tyr  (d)Met</FONT></P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒊作为典型的催化剂酶具有下面哪种能量效应<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT>降低反应的自由能<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (b)</FONT>降低反应的活化能<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(c)</FONT>增高产物的能量水平<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (d)</FONT>降低反应物的能量水平</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒋对一个服从米氏动力学的酶来说,当底物浓度<FONT face="Times New Roman">[S]=Km</FONT>时,反应的初速度<FONT face="Times New Roman">(v)</FONT>应为<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)1/3vmax </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(b)2/3vmax  (c)1/2vmax  (d)1/4vmax</FONT></P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒌下列哪一种酶在酵解和糖异生中都起作用<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT>丙酮酸激酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (b)3-</FONT>磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (c)</FONT>丙酮酸羧化酶<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(d)</FONT>果糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">-1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">6-</FONT>二磷酸酶</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒍在呼吸链中阻断电子从<FONT face="Times New Roman">NADH</FONT>向辅酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">Q</FONT>传递的抑制剂是<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT>抗菌素<FONT face="Times New Roman">A  (b)</FONT>安密妥<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (c)</FONT>抗菌素<FONT face="Times New Roman">D  (d)</FONT>氰化物</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒎下列哪个化合物是氨基转移酶的辅酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT>生物素<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (b)NAD+  (c)</FONT>磷酸吡哆醛<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (d)</FONT>黄素单核苷酸</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒏成人缺乏维生素<FONT face="Times New Roman">D</FONT>时将引起<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT>夜盲症<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (b)</FONT>软骨病<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (c)</FONT>佝偻病<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (d)</FONT>皮肤癌</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒐<FONT face="Times New Roman">Calvin</FONT>循环的第一步反应的产物是<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)3-</FONT>磷酸甘油醛<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (b)3-</FONT>磷酸甘油酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (c)</FONT>磷酸二羟基丙酮<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(d)</FONT>丙酮酸</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⒑<FONT face="Times New Roman">TCA</FONT>循环首先是由谁发现和提出来的<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)Leuis Pasteur  (b)Avery and McCarty  (c)Hans Krebs </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">(d)Fred Sanger</FONT></P>
<P >多选题(若正确在括号内标上“<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>”,不正确标上“—”;各题每空<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.5</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⒒下列哪些化合物参与鸟氨酸循环<FONT face="Times New Roman">( )A.</FONT>丙氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )B.</FONT>异柠檬酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )C.</FONT>瓜氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )D.</FONT>精氨琥珀酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)E.</FONT>磷脂酰乙醇胺</P>
<P >⒓下面是构成蛋白质分子的两个常见含硫氨基酸:<FONT face="Times New Roman">(A)Cys</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">(B)Met</FONT>,下边哪些叙述是合适的,哪些是不合适的<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)A.</FONT>在蛋白质分子中氨基酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>可以形成交联<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )B. </FONT>在蛋白质分子中氨基酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>可以形成交联<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)C.</FONT>羽毛,头发,指甲中的角蛋白富含氨基酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">B  ( )D.</FONT>氨基酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>是代谢中重要的甲基供体<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)E.</FONT>活性部位中含有氨基酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>残基的酶,其活性将被碘代乙酰胺抑制</P>
<P >⒔乳糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">( )A.</FONT>是葡萄糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>β<FONT face="Times New Roman">-1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">4-</FONT>半乳糖苷<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )B.</FONT>是一个非还原糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )C.</FONT>是乳婴食品中唯一的糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">  (</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)D.</FONT>呈现变旋现象<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )E.</FONT>水解生成两分子葡萄糖</P>
<P >⒕肽链生物合成时信号序列<FONT face="Times New Roman">( )A.</FONT>决定糖类残基的附着点<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )B.</FONT>将新生肽链导入内质网<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">)C.</FONT>控制蛋白质分子的最终构象<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )D.</FONT>处于肽链的<FONT face="Times New Roman">C-</FONT>末端<FONT face="Times New Roman">  ( )E.</FONT>具有疏水性</P>
<P >六.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>填空(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⒈胰蛋白酶原(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)端切去<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>肽后变成有活性的胰蛋白酶。</P>
<P >⒉<FONT face="Times New Roman">DEAE-</FONT>纤维素是一种(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)交换剂,而<FONT face="Times New Roman">CM-</FONT>纤维素是一种(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)交换剂。</P>
<P >⒊多肽合成的起始密码子是(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>),而(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>),(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)是终止密码子。</P>
<P >⒋每一种醛糖依据其第一个碳原子上羟基和氢的相对空间位置不同,分为α和β两类,它们互为(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)。</P>
<P >⒌(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P >)于<FONT face="Times New Roman">1953</FONT>年首先完成了胰岛素的全部化学结构的测定工作。而牛胰核糖核酸酶是测出一级结构的第一个酶分子,由一条含<FONT face="Times New Roman">124</FONT>个残基的多肽链组成,分子内含有(</P>
<P >)个二硫键。</P>
<P >⒍参与蛋白质折叠的两个重要酶为(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)和(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)。</P>
<P >⒎胰凝乳蛋白酶原受到胰蛋白酶作用后,在(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)与(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P >)之间的肽键断开,成为有活性的π<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>胰凝乳蛋白酶,再失去两个二肽(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)和(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P >)而形成酶的稳定形式α<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>胰凝乳蛋白酶。</P>
<P >⒏视网膜中有棒状细胞(<FONT face="Times New Roman">rods</FONT>),含有视紫红质,这是一种(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>),可以分解为视蛋白和视黄醛。</P>
<P >⒐含有尼克酰胺的辅酶有两种:(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)和(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)(全称,不能缩写)。</P>
<P >⒑肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素都是(<FONT face="Times New Roman">  </FONT>)分泌。</P>
<P >七.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>问答题(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⒈有一个<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>肽:经酸解分析得知由<FONT face="Times New Roman">Lys,His,Asp,Glu2,Ala</FONT>以及<FONT face="Times New Roman">Val,Tyr</FONT>和两个<FONT face="Times New Roman">NH2</FONT>分子组成。当<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>肽与<FONT face="Times New Roman">FDNB</FONT>试剂反应后,得<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNP-Asp</FONT>;当用羧肽酶处理后得游离<FONT face="Times New Roman">Val</FONT>。如果我们在实验中将<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>肽用胰蛋白酶降解,得到两种肽,其中一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Lys,Asp,Glu,Ala,Tyr)</FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">pH6.4</FONT>时,净电荷为零,另一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">(His,Glu</FONT>以及<FONT face="Times New Roman">Val)</FONT>可给出<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNP-his,</FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">pH6.4</FONT>时,带正电荷。此外,<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>肽用糜蛋白酶降解时,也得到两种肽,其中一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Asp,Ala,Tyr)</FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">pH6.4</FONT>时呈中性,另一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Lys,His,Glu2</FONT>以及<FONT face="Times New Roman">Val)</FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">pH6.4</FONT>时,带正电荷。问<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>肽的氨基酸顺序如何?</P>
<P >⒉有两个纯的蛋白质<FONT face="Times New Roman">a</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT>,分子量都是<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">000</FONT>的近似球形的蛋白质。其中蛋白质<FONT face="Times New Roman">a</FONT>:由<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>个分子量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">40</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">000</FONT>的亚基和<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>个分子量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">000</FONT>的亚基组成的四聚体,该蛋白质的等电点<FONT face="Times New Roman">pI=6.0</FONT>。</P>
<P >蛋白质<FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT>:由分子量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">000</FONT>的单一亚基组成的四聚体,该蛋白质的等电点也是<FONT face="Times New Roman">pI=6.0</FONT>。<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P >试预测这两种蛋白质在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳系统和<FONT face="Times New Roman">SDS-</FONT>凝胶电泳系统中的电泳结果。<BR  clear=all></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >清华大学<FONT face="Times New Roman">98</FONT>硕士入学生化试题</P>
<P >一.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>名词解释(<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⑴构象和构型<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Conformation and Configuration)  </FONT>⑵辅酶和辅基<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Prosthetic group and Coenzyme) </FONT></P>
<P >⑶别构酶和共价调节酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Allosteric enzymes and Covalent regulatory enzymes) </FONT></P>
<P >⑷氧化磷酸化和底物水平磷酸化<FONT face="Times New Roman">(oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">phosphorylation)</FONT>⑸半保留复制和逆转录<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Semiconservative replication and Reverse transcription) </FONT></P>
<P >⑹呼吸链<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Respiratory)  </FONT>⑺必需脂肪酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Essential fatty acids)  </FONT>⑻光合作用的光反应和暗反应<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Light</FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">reation and Dark reation of the photosynthesis)  </FONT>⑼变偶学说<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Wobble hypothesis) </FONT></P>
<P >⑽克隆和突变<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Cloning and Mutation)</FONT></P>
<P >二.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>写出下列化合物结构式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⑴葡萄糖醛酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Glucouronic acid)  </FONT>⑵<FONT face="Times New Roman">4-</FONT>羟基脯氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(4-Hydroxyproline) </FONT></P>
<P >⑶异硫氰酸苯脂<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Phenylisothiocyanate)  </FONT>⑷生物素<FONT face="Times New Roman">(biotin)  </FONT>⑸鸟氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(ornithine) </FONT></P>
<P >⑹苯丙氨酰丝氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Phenylalanylserine)  </FONT>⑺磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(phosphoenolpyruvate) </FONT></P>
<P >⑻<FONT face="Times New Roman">L-</FONT>苹果酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(L-malate)  </FONT>⑼延胡索酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Fumarate)  </FONT>⑽胍氨酸<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Citruline)</FONT></P>
<P >三.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>完成下列酶催化反应方程式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⑴谷丙转氨酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(glutamate alanine aminotransferase) </FONT></P>
<P >⑵<FONT face="Times New Roman">D-</FONT>甘油醛<FONT face="Times New Roman">-3-</FONT>磷酸脱氢酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)  </FONT>⑶丙酮酸激酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(pyruvate kinase)</FONT></P>
<P >⑷延胡索酸酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(fumarase)  </FONT>⑸柠檬酸合成酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(citrate synthase)  </FONT>⑹琥珀酸脱氢酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(succinate dehydrogenase) </FONT></P>
<P >⑺精氨琥珀酸合成酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(arginino succinate synthetase)  </FONT>⑻精氨酸酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(arginase) </FONT></P>
<P >⑼果糖<FONT face="Times New Roman">-1</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">6-</FONT>二磷酸酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(fructose-1,6-diphosphatase)  </FONT>⑽甲硫氨酰<FONT face="Times New Roman">-tRNA</FONT>合成酶<FONT face="Times New Roman">(Met-tRNA synthetase)</FONT></P>
<P >四.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>判断下列是非题(若是在括号内标上“<FONT face="Times New Roman">+</FONT>”,若非标上“—”)(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑴用热水溶解淀粉时,可溶的部分为支链淀粉,不溶解的部分为直链淀粉。</P>
<P >(</P>
<P >)⑵<FONT face="Times New Roman">Lys</FONT>在人体内可以通过复杂的合成途径合成,是人体生物合成所必需的氨基酸,故为“必需氨基酸”之一。</P>
<P >(</P>
<P >)⑶寡聚蛋白质中亚基与亚基的相互作用的主要作用力是氢键和离子键,因为增加离子强度可以使寡聚蛋白解聚为单体。</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑷在完整细胞内的某一代谢过程中由几个酶催化的反应链体系,称为多酶体系。</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑸通常把<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>变性时,即双螺旋结构完全丧失时的温度称为<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>的熔点,用<FONT face="Times New Roman">Tm</FONT>表示。</P>
<P >(</P>
<P >)⑹嘌呤霉素具有氨酰<FONT face="Times New Roman">tRNA3</FONT>′端的类似结构,它阻止了甲硫氨酰<FONT face="Times New Roman">tRNA</FONT>与核糖体的结合,从而抑制了蛋白质合成的起始。</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑺<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">4-</FONT>二硝基甲苯是一种解偶联剂,是破坏呼吸链电子传递和<FONT face="Times New Roman">ATP</FONT>合成之间的偶联关系。</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑻经<FONT face="Times New Roman">Urea cycle</FONT>合成的<FONT face="Times New Roman">Urea</FONT>分子中两个–<FONT face="Times New Roman">NH2</FONT>,均是来自线粒体内游离氨经氨甲酰基磷酸而掺入。</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑼<FONT face="Times New Roman">HIV</FONT>是一种<FONT face="Times New Roman">RNA</FONT>病毒,在每一个病毒中有两条<FONT face="Times New Roman">RNA</FONT>链。</P>
<P >(<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>)⑽<FONT face="Times New Roman">Motif</FONT>指的是蛋白质分子结构中介于二级结构与三级结构之间的一个结构层次,又称超二级结构。</P>
<P >五.<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>问答题(<FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT>分)</P>
<P >⑴请叙述<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNA</FONT>双螺旋结构的要点。</P>
<P >⑵有一个七肽,经分析它的氨基酸组成是:<FONT face="Times New Roman">Lys,Pro,Arg,Phe,Ala,Tyr,</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ser</FONT>。此肽未经糜蛋白酶处理时,与<FONT face="Times New Roman">FDNB</FONT>反应不产生α<FONT face="Times New Roman">-DNP-</FONT>氨基酸。经糜蛋白酶作用后,此肽断裂成两个肽段,其氨基酸组成分别为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Ala,Tyr,Ser</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">Pro,Phe,Lys,Arg</FONT>。这两个肽段分别与<FONT face="Times New Roman">FDNB</FONT>反应,可分别产生<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNP-Ser</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">DNP-Lys</FONT>。此肽与胰蛋白酶反应,同样能生成两个肽段,它们的氨基酸组成分别是<FONT face="Times New Roman">Arg,Pro</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">Phe,Tyr,Lys,Ser,Ala</FONT>。试问此七肽的一级结构是怎样的?给出分析过程。</P>
<P >⑶什麽是生物膜的“流体镶嵌”模型?请叙述其结构特点。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P><BR  clear=all>
<P >清华大学<FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT>年硕士入学考试化工原理试题<FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">   </FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P > 一、填空题(<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>所示,液体在等径倾斜管中稳定流动,则阀的局部阻力系数ξ与压差计读数R的关系式为<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:wrapblock><v:shapetype><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:connecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" o:extrusionok="f"></v:path><o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape><FONT face="Times New Roman"><v:imagedata></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="topAndBottom"></w:wrap></FONT></v:shape></o:wrapblock><BR  clear=all></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、评价塔板性能的标准是:</P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">________________________</FONT>,</P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">________________________</FONT>,</P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">________________________</FONT>,</P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">________________________</FONT>,</P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">________________________</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、在低浓度难溶气体的逆流吸收塔中,若其他条件不变而入塔液体量增加,则此塔的液相传质单元数N<FONT face="Times New Roman">(l)</FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>,而气相总传质单元数N<FONT face="Times New Roman">OG</FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>,气体出口浓度y<FONT face="Times New Roman">(a)</FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>、某精馏塔设计时,若将塔釜由原来间接蒸汽加热改为直接蒸汽加热,而保持<FONT face="Times New Roman">x(F)</FONT>,D/F,q,R<FONT face="Times New Roman">x(D)</FONT>不变,则W/F将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">x(w)</FONT>将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>,提馏段操作线斜率将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>,理论板数将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>、湿空气经预热后相对湿度φ将<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。对易龟裂的物料,常采用<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>的方法来控制进干燥器的φ值。干燥操作的必要条件是<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>,干燥过程是<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>相结合的过程。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>、某降尘室高<FONT face="Times New Roman">2m</FONT>,宽<FONT face="Times New Roman">2m</FONT>,长<FONT face="Times New Roman">5m</FONT>,用于矿石焙烧炉的炉气除尘。矿尘密度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">4500</FONT>千克每立方米,其形状近于圆球,操作条件下气体流量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">25000</FONT>立方米每小时,气体密度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.6</FONT>千克每立方米,粘度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">3×10e-5Pas</FONT>。则理论上能除去矿尘颗粒的最小直径为<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>μm。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  二、选择题(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、有一并联管路如图<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>所示,两段管路的流量、流速、管经、管长及流动阻力损失分别为V<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">u(1)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">d(1)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">L(1)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">h(f1)</FONT>及V<FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">u(2)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">d(2)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">L(2)</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">h(f2)</FONT>。若<FONT face="Times New Roman">d(1)=2d(2)</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">L(1)=2L(2)</FONT>,则</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">h(f1)/h(f2)</FONT>=( )</P>
<P >  A、<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>;  B、<FONT face="Times New Roman">4;</FONT>  C、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/2;</FONT>  D、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/4;</FONT>  E、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)当管路中流体均作层流流动时,V<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)/</FONT>V<FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)=</FONT>( )</P>
<P >  A、<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>;  B、<FONT face="Times New Roman">4;</FONT>  C、<FONT face="Times New Roman">8;</FONT>   D、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/2;</FONT>  E、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)当两段管路中流体均作湍流流动时,并取λ<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT>=λ<FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT>,则V<FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)/</FONT>V<FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)=</FONT>( )。</P>
<P >  A、<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>;  B、<FONT face="Times New Roman">4;</FONT>  C、<FONT face="Times New Roman">8;</FONT>   D、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/2;</FONT>  E、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/4</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:wrapblock><v:shape><FONT face="Times New Roman"><v:imagedata></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="topAndBottom"></w:wrap></FONT></v:shape></o:wrapblock><BR  clear=all></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、计算下列四种“数”时,其数值大小与单位制造选择有关的是<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。</P>
<P >  A、普兰德准数; B、传热单元数<FONT face="Times New Roman">NTU;</FONT> C、离心分离因数<FONT face="Times New Roman">K;</FONT>  D、过滤常数<FONT face="Times New Roman">K</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)板框压滤机洗涤速率为恒压过滤最终速率的<FONT face="Times New Roman">1/4</FONT>,这一规律只有在<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>时才成立。</P>
<P >  A、过滤时的压差与洗涤时的压差相同;</P>
<P >  B、滤液的粘度与洗涤液的粘度相同;</P>
<P >  C、过滤压差与洗涤压差相同且滤液的粘度与洗涤液的粘度相同;</P>
<P >  D、过滤压差与洗涤压差相同,滤液的粘度与洗涤液的粘度相同,且过滤面积与洗涤面积相同。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P > <FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT>  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)恒压过滤且介质阻力忽略不计时,如粘度降低<FONT face="Times New Roman">20%</FONT>,则在同一时刻滤液增加<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。</P>
<P >  A、<FONT face="Times New Roman">11.8%</FONT>;  B、<FONT face="Times New Roman">9.54%;</FONT>  C、<FONT face="Times New Roman">20%;</FONT>  D、<FONT face="Times New Roman">44%</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>、有两台同样的管壳式换热器,拟作气体冷却器用。在气、液流量及进口温度一定时,为使气体温度降到最底应采用的流程为<FONT face="Times New Roman">_______</FONT>。</P>
<P >  A、气体走管外,气体并联逆流操作;</P>
<P >  B、气体走管内,气体并联逆流操作;</P>
<P >  C、气体走管内,气体串联逆流操作;</P>
<P >  D、气体走管外,气体串联逆流操作。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>、请将你认为最恰当的答案填在( )内。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)与单级萃取相比,如溶剂比、萃取比、萃取相浓度相同,则多级逆流萃取可使萃余分率( )。</P>
<P >  A、增大;  B、减小<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>  C、基本不变<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>  D、增大、减小均有可能。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)在<FONT face="Times New Roman">B-S</FONT>部分互溶的萃取过程中,若加入的纯溶剂量增加而其他操作条件不变,则萃取液浓度y(<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>)( )。</P>
<P >  A、增大;  B、减小<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>  C、不变<FONT face="Times New Roman">;</FONT>    D、变化趋势不确定。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  三、计算题</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、将<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>℃的水(粘度μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">=0.001Pas</FONT>)以<FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT>立方米每小时的流量从水池送至塔顶。已知塔顶压强为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.05MPa</FONT>(表),与水池水面高差为<FONT face="Times New Roman">10m</FONT>,输水管φ<FONT face="Times New Roman">89×4mm</FONT>,长<FONT face="Times New Roman">18m</FONT>,管线局部阻力系数∑ξ<FONT face="Times New Roman">=13</FONT>(阀全开时),摩擦系数λ<FONT face="Times New Roman">=0.01227+0.7543</FONT>/(Re<FONT face="Times New Roman">(0.38</FONT>次方<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>)。</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)求所需的理论功率(<FONT face="Times New Roman">kw</FONT>);</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)一泵的特性可近似用下式表达:</P>
<P >     扬程:H=<FONT face="Times New Roman">22.4+5</FONT>Q<FONT face="Times New Roman">-20</FONT>Q·Q  <FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT></P>
<P >     效率:η=<FONT face="Times New Roman">2.5</FONT>Q<FONT face="Times New Roman">-2.1</FONT>Q·Q</P>
<P >  式中Q的单位为立方米每分钟。求最高效率点的效率,并评价此泵的适用性。如适用,求因调节阀门使功率消耗增加多少。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、在一新的套管换热器中,冷却水在φ<FONT face="Times New Roman">25×2.5mm</FONT>的内管中流动以冷凝环隙间的某蒸汽。当冷却水的流速为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.4m/s</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.8m/s</FONT>时,测得基于内管外表面的总传热系数分别为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1200</FONT>瓦每平方米开尔文和<FONT face="Times New Roman">1700</FONT>瓦每平方米开尔文。水在管内为湍流,管壁的导热系数为<FONT face="Times New Roman">45w/m·K</FONT>。水流速改变后可认为环隙间冷凝的传热膜系数不变,试求:</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)当水的流速为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.4m/s</FONT>时,管壁对水的对流传热系数为多少?</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)管外蒸汽冷凝的对流传热系数为多少?</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)若操作一段时间后,水流速仍维持<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.4m/s</FONT>,但测得的总传热系数比操作初期下降<FONT face="Times New Roman">10%</FONT>,试分析可能的原因,并论述此时蒸汽的冷凝量是否也下降<FONT face="Times New Roman">10%</FONT>。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、进料量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">9000kg/h</FONT>,浓度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1%</FONT>(质量分率)的盐溶液在<FONT face="Times New Roman">40</FONT>℃下进入单效蒸发器并被浓缩到<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.5%</FONT>。蒸发器传热面积为<FONT face="Times New Roman">39.1</FONT>平方米,蒸发室绝对压强为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.04MPa</FONT>(该压力下水的蒸发潜热<FONT face="Times New Roman">r'=2318.6kJ/kg</FONT>),加热蒸汽温度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">110</FONT>℃(该饱和温度下水的蒸发潜热<FONT face="Times New Roman">r=2232k J/kg</FONT>)。由于溶液很稀,假设溶液的沸点和水的沸点相同,<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.04MPa</FONT>下水的沸点为<FONT face="Times New Roman">75.4</FONT>℃,料液的比热近似于水的比热,Cp=<FONT face="Times New Roman">4.174kJ/kg·K</FONT>。</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)求蒸发量、浓缩液量、加热蒸汽量和加热室的传热系数<FONT face="Times New Roman">K</FONT>。</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)如进料量增加为<FONT face="Times New Roman">12000kg/h</FONT>,传热系数、加热蒸汽压强、蒸发室压强、进料温度和浓度均不变的情况下,蒸发量、浓缩液量和浓缩液浓度又为多少?均不考虑热损失。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>、某吸收塔填料层高<FONT face="Times New Roman">4m</FONT>,用水吸收尾气中的有害成分<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>。在此情况下,测得的浓度如图所示。已知平衡关系为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Y=1.5X</FONT>。求</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)气相总传质单元高度;</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)操作液气比为最小液气比的多少倍?</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)由于法定排放浓度规定y<FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT>必须小于<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.002</FONT>,所以拟将填料层加高。若液气比不变,问填料层应加高多少?</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)画出填料加高前后吸收操作线的示意图。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:wrapblock><v:shape><v:imagedata></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="topAndBottom"></w:wrap></v:shape></o:wrapblock><BR  clear=all></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>、苯、甲苯两组分混合物进行常压蒸馏,原料组成<FONT face="Times New Roman">X(</FONT>苯<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.7</FONT>,要求得到组成为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.8</FONT>的塔顶产品(以上均为摩尔分率),现用以下三种方法操作:</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)连续平衡蒸馏;</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)简单蒸馏(微分蒸馏);</P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)连续蒸馏。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  在(<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)情况下,塔顶用一分凝器,其中<FONT face="Times New Roman">50%</FONT>的蒸汽冷凝返回塔顶。出冷凝器的蒸汽与冷凝液体呈平衡。对每种方法进料量均为<FONT face="Times New Roman">100kmol/h</FONT>,问塔顶、塔釜产量各为多少?汽化量为多少?已知α<FONT face="Times New Roman">=2.46</FONT>。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>、在常压连续干燥器中将处理量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.417kg/s</FONT>的湿物料自含水量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">47%</FONT>干燥到<FONT face="Times New Roman">5%</FONT>(均为湿基),采用废气循环操作,新鲜空气与废气混合后经预热器加热,再送入干燥器。循环比(废气中绝干空气质量与混合气中绝干空气质量之比)为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.8</FONT>。新鲜空气的湿度H<FONT face="Times New Roman">o</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0116kg/kg</FONT>绝干气,温度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT>℃,废气的湿度H<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0789kg/kg</FONT>绝干气,温度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT>℃。假设干燥过程为绝热过程,预热气的热损失可忽略不计。试计算干燥过程的耗热量,并在H<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>I图上定性画出湿空气的状态变化情况。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P >已知:绝干空气比热为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.01kJ/kg·K</FONT></P>
<P >   水蒸气的比热为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.88kJ/kg·K</FONT></P>
<P >   <FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>℃时水蒸汽潜热为<FONT face="Times New Roman">2490kJ/kg</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></P><BR  clear=all>
<P >清华大学<FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT>年研究生入学考试:物理化学试题</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  试题内容:</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  一、填空题(每空<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>分、共<FONT face="Times New Roman">24</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">1mol</FONT>理想气体经节流膨胀(即<FONT face="Times New Roman">Joule-Tomson</FONT>实验)压力自P<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>降低到P<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>,此过程的△A<FONT face="Times New Roman">________0</FONT>,△U<FONT face="Times New Roman">______0 </FONT>。(填<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;</FONT>,<FONT face="Times New Roman">=</FONT>或<FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;</FONT>)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">298K</FONT>时,<FONT face="Times New Roman">HCl(g)</FONT>的标准摩尔生成焓△<FONT face="Times New Roman">f</FONT>H<FONT face="Times New Roman">m=-92.31kJ/mol ,HCl(g)</FONT>的无限稀释摩尔溶解焓(即<FONT face="Times New Roman">1molHCl(g)</FONT>溶于水形成无限稀薄溶液时的△<FONT face="Times New Roman">H</FONT>)为<FONT face="Times New Roman">-75.13kJ/mol</FONT>。若以<FONT face="Times New Roman">b=</FONT>b<FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT>θ<FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT>但仍遵守亨利定律的溶液作标准态,则<FONT face="Times New Roman">HCl(aq)</FONT>的标准摩尔生成焓△<FONT face="Times New Roman">f</FONT>H<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman">HCl,aq</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">=_______</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、下图为<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bi-Zn</FONT>二组分体系的固液平衡相图,</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (1)<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>区的平衡相态为<FONT face="Times New Roman">______,</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >     <FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>区的平衡相态为<FONT face="Times New Roman">________</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (2)<FONT face="Times New Roman">527K</FONT>时,纯<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bi(s)</FONT>和含<FONT face="Times New Roman">93%Bi</FONT>(质量百分数)的溶液成相平衡。若以纯<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bi(s)</FONT>作标准态,则上述溶液中<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bi</FONT>的活度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">_________</FONT>,活度系数为<FONT face="Times New Roman">__________</FONT>。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">Bi</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">Zn</FONT>的相对原子质量分别为<FONT face="Times New Roman">209</FONT>和<FONT face="Times New Roman">65.39</FONT>)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:wrapblock><v:shape><FONT face="Times New Roman"><v:imagedata></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="topAndBottom"></w:wrap></FONT></v:shape></o:wrapblock><BR  clear=all></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>、某原子基态与第一激发态的能级是非简并的,第一激发态的简并度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>,若其他能级可被忽略,且以基态作为能量的零点,<FONT face="Times New Roman">298K</FONT>时,此原子的电子配分函数q<FONT face="Times New Roman">e=______</FONT>。当体系平衡时,在此二能级上的粒子数之比N<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>/N<FONT face="Times New Roman">1=___________</FONT>。(玻尔兹曼常数<FONT face="Times New Roman">k=</FONT>1<FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT>38×10<FONT face="Times New Roman">-23</FONT>J/K)。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>、对大多数纯物质的液体来说,当温度升高时,其表面张力<FONT face="Times New Roman">__________</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>、实验测得反应<FONT face="Times New Roman">2A+B=C+D</FONT>的速率方程式为<FONT face="Times New Roman">r=</FONT>k<FONT face="Times New Roman">1[A][A]</FONT>,若反应物的起始浓度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT>A<FONT face="Times New Roman">]0=2[</FONT>B<FONT face="Times New Roman">]0</FONT>,则速率方程式可写为:r=k<FONT face="Times New Roman">2[</FONT>A<FONT face="Times New Roman">][</FONT>A<FONT face="Times New Roman">][</FONT>A<FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT>,k<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>与k<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>的关系为k<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">________</FONT>k<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>、在电池<FONT face="Times New Roman">_____________________________</FONT>中进行的反应是Ni<FONT face="Times New Roman">(s)</FONT>+H<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>O<FONT face="Times New Roman">(l)</FONT>→NiO<FONT face="Times New Roman">(s)</FONT>+H<FONT face="Times New Roman">2(g)</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  二、选择填空题:(每题<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>分,共<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、若理想气体反应O=∑ν<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>B在T<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>~T<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>的温度区间内,各物质均无相变,且△Cp<FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;0</FONT>(△Cp=∑ν<FONT face="Times New Roman">B</FONT>Cp<FONT face="Times New Roman">,B</FONT>),则在此温度区间内,反应摩尔焓变△rHm随温度升高而(   )。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (a)增大  (b)减小  (c)不变  (d)无法确定其变化</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、某纯物质的液体凝固时,液体的密度大于固体的密度,则该液体的凝固点随压力升高而(   )。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (a)升高  (b)降低  (c)不变  (d)不能确定其变化</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、对于组成不变的均相封闭体系,在w<FONT face="Times New Roman">'</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>的条件下,=(   )</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (a)  (b)  (c)  (d)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>、在浓差电池中,电池的电动势是E,液接电动势是Ej,则(   )</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (a)E<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;</FONT>0<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>Ej<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;</FONT>0  (b)E<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;</FONT>0<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>Ej<FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;</FONT>0</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (c)E<FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;</FONT>0<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>Ej<FONT face="Times New Roman">&gt;</FONT>0  (d)E<FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;</FONT>0<FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT>Ej<FONT face="Times New Roman">&lt;</FONT>0</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>、平行反应中,k<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">10/min</FONT>,k<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">20/min</FONT>,在反应过程中产物B和C的浓度之比,[B]<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>[C]=(   )</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (a)1   (b)2   (c)0<FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT>5  (d)无法确定其变化</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>、当反应CaCO<FONT face="Times New Roman">3(s)</FONT>=CaO<FONT face="Times New Roman">(S)</FONT>+CO<FONT face="Times New Roman">2(g)</FONT>在某给定条件下达到平衡时,若保持其他反应条件不变,而将CaCO<FONT face="Times New Roman">3(s)</FONT>的颗粒变小,平衡将(   )。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (a)向左移动   (b)向右移动   (c)不移动</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (d)不能确定其移动方向</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  三、计算题:</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>、在熔点附近的温度范围内,TaBr<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>固体的蒸气压与温度的关系为:  <FONT face="Times New Roman">lg(p/kPa)=1.696-5650/T;</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  液体的蒸气压与温度的关系为:  <FONT face="Times New Roman">lg(p/kPa)=7.296-3265/T</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  试求TaBr<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>三相点时的摩尔蒸发焓及摩尔熔化焓。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>、在<FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT>℃时,将<FONT face="Times New Roman">4.4</FONT>克CO<FONT face="Times New Roman">2(g)</FONT>充入一放有过量碳的容积为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>立方厘米体积的容器中,发生下述反应,CO<FONT face="Times New Roman">2(g)</FONT>+C<FONT face="Times New Roman">(s)</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>CO<FONT face="Times New Roman">(g)</FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  当反应达平衡时,混合气体的平均摩尔质量为<FONT face="Times New Roman">36g/mol</FONT>。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT>计算此反应在<FONT face="Times New Roman">1000</FONT>℃时的K及容器中的平衡压力。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT>当反应达平衡时,充入一些He<FONT face="Times New Roman">(g)</FONT>,使反应压力增加一倍,求当反应重新达平衡时CO<FONT face="Times New Roman">(g)</FONT>的质量。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)</FONT>如果当反应温度升高<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>℃时,K的值增加一倍,求此反应的△Hm和△Sm(假设△Cp=0)。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>、电池</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">(1)</FONT>写出此电池的电极与电池反应;</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">(2)</FONT>已知<FONT face="Times New Roman">298</FONT>K时,PbSO<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>的容度积Kφ=<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.67×10e-8</FONT>,</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">(3)</FONT>当此电池在端电压为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>V的情况下,不可逆放电<FONT face="Times New Roman">96500</FONT>C时,电池反应热为<FONT face="Times New Roman">-151.61kJ</FONT>,计算电池中硫酸根离子的活度a<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>。已知(эE/эT)p=-<FONT face="Times New Roman">4.9×10e-4</FONT>V<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>K。(<FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>、当一气相反应<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>A──→P在一密闭容器中进行时,实验测得反应器内气体的总压随时间的变化如下:</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">t/s 0 100 200 300 400 </FONT></P>
<P ><FONT face="Times New Roman">p/kPa 53.5 42.9 38.4 35.7 34.1 </FONT></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)求此反应的级数和速率系数</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)当反应物消耗掉<FONT face="Times New Roman">60%</FONT>时需多少时间?(<FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  <FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>、(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>℃时将半径为<FONT face="Times New Roman">5×10e-5m</FONT>的毛细管插入盛有汞的容器中,在毛细管内的汞面下降高度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">11.10cm</FONT>。若汞与毛细管壁的接触角为<FONT face="Times New Roman">140°</FONT>。汞的密度为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1.36×10e4</FONT>千克每立方米,求汞的表面张力。</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
<P >  (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)若<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>℃时水的表面张力为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.0728</FONT>N<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>m,汞<FONT face="Times New Roman">-</FONT>水的界面张力为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.375</FONT>N<FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT>m。试判断水能否在汞的表面铺展开?(<FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT>分)</P>
<P ><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></P>
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